Italianisms in Lunfardo – Part II

Continuing on with our last article, on Italianisms in the Lunfardo dialect, which originated in working class districts in Buenos Aires in the late 19th century, below are several more interesting Lunfardo words.

Italian immigrants in Buenos Aires

Italian immigrants in Buenos Aires

Mistongo (from mishio, an Italianism derived from the Genovese miscio) -The original Genovese word meant “without money” and has generalized to include “humble”, “insignificant” and “poor”.

Vento (from vento, an Italianism from the Genovese vento) – The Genovese original meant “money” and still means the same thing in Lunfardo, as well as in the rest of Argentina, and Uruguay. In Río de la Plata, it has specialized into meaning specifically “proceeds of a scam”. It was one of the first Lunfardo words documented and can still be heard today in Buenos Aires.

Funyi (from the Genovese funzo (plural funzi)), derived from the Italian slang fungo (“mushroom” or ”hat” – interestingly, the top part of mushrooms was known as a “hat” in Italian slang). It means “hat”, and has been reported to mean “backside”or “butt” in Uruguay.

Amarrocao (from the Italian marroco, derived from the Turinese maroc, “bread”). It seems that Caló – a language spoken by the Roma – had some influence on the change from -r¬- to -rr¬-, and marroque appears as a phonetic variant. It was marroco that evolved into the derivative verb amarrocar (“to get by” or “to manage”) and this meaning expanded due to its phonetic similarity to amarrar, finally meaning “to pick up something and put it away”. Amarrocao, (picked up and put away”) – the participle form – still exists today.

While most Italianism in Lunfardo are simply “evolved” forms of words borrowed from Italian and its variants, the dialect has an interesting feature known as “vesre”, which is a reversal of the syllable order of a word. The Lunfardo word nami – “girl”, or “woman” – is an example of this phenomenon applied to the Italianism mina, derived from the Italian femmina (“woman”).

Visit other posts to learn more Lunfardo words of Italian origin:

Bacán
Gamba
Yirar
Fiaca
Morfar
Pibe
Yeta
Cocoliche words

Translation events – February 2015

Translation webinars, conferences.3

Microsoft Word Avançado para tradutores: ganhando produtividade com uma ferramenta básica. Webinar. ProZ.

Traducir con SDL Trados Studio 2014. Webinar. ProZ.

4

Corso Pratico Livello Base su SDL Trados Studio 2014. Webinar. ProZ.

5

Translation in Travel & Tourism: Is it really that simple?. Webinar. ProZ.

6

How to Self-Publish Your Own Translations. Webinar. ProZ.

10

The price is right – pricing strategies for your translation services. Webinar. ProZ.

12

The importance of diction and accent in oral interpreting. Webinar. ProZ.

Automating development to translation and back again, Lingoport, Inc., Lingotek, webinar.

13

The ABCs of Medical Translation: Strategies to Identify, Translate and Manage Acronyms and Abbreviations. Webinar. ProZ.

14

The 28th Annual CATI Conference: “Working Globally, Networking Locally” Modern Language Association, 130th MLA. Raleigh, NC, USA.

17

Five Keys to Effective Search of High-End Clients for a Translator. Webinar. ProZ.

19

Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera. Traducción y adaptación de las NIIF. Webinar. ProZ.

MIAM 2015, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.

Global Linguistic Diversity and the Endangered Languages Project, The International Multilingual User Group (IMUG), Mountain View, California USA

20

Post-graduate translation qualifications: DipTrans & MA. Webinar. ProZ.

25

Clinical Trials and Medical Documentation: Resources and Translation Strategies for New Translators. Webinar. ProZ.

Starting your translation business: Your Business Plan. Webinar. ProZ.

27

Improve your written English: 50 of our favourite mother-tongue mistakes. Webinar. ProZ.

Monterey Institute Career Fair, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey, California, USA.

27-28

Mid-America Chapter of ATA (MICATA). MICATA Symposium 2015 Continuing Education: The Road to Success for T&I. Overland Park, KS, USA.

28-29

Monterey Institute of International Studies. 4th Monterey Forum
Educating Translators, Interpreters and Localizers in an Evolving World. Monterey, CA, USA.

 

Italianisms in Lunfardo – Part I

The Lunfardo dialect of Spanish arose in the last quarter of the 19th century among petty criminals living with immigrants and native Argentines in the conventillos – sheet metal tenements – of lower-class neighborhoods in Buenos Aires. Because so many of these immigrants (some ten million between 1821 and 1932) were poorly educated or illiterate Italians speaking their regional dialects, and because of the pressing need to communicate with their Spanish-speaking neighbors and associates, a fluid and linguistically unstable macaronic language called Cocoliche was formed among these first-generation, mostly rural, immigrants, and it is this imperfect form of Italian-flavored Spanish that is the direct cause of most of the non-Spanish words as well as of other lexical changes such as suffixes found in Lunfardo. The very word “Lunfardo” itself is, in fact, an Italianism derived from the word lombardo (someone from Lombardy) in various Italian dialects.

Italianisms in Lunfardo - Argentine Spanish

Conventillo in Buenos Aires – 1914

Today, Lunfardo is no longer associated with petty criminality and the lower social classes, and its Italianisms have earned their own place as part of the dialect, elements of which have spread to other Latin American countries such as Uruguay and Chile.

Following is a sampling of some lexical Italianisms in Lunfardo.

chitrulo (from citrullo) –  the original citrullo means “stupid” or “silly” in several southern Italian dialects and derives from cetriolo, which means “cucumber”

atenti (from attento or attenti) – interjection meaning “to take care”

encanar (from incaenar) – the Italian word means “to chain”, leading to its meaning of “arrest”, “detain” or “incarcerate” in Lunfardo.

furcazo (from forca or fùrca) – This word describes a technique for beating someone up with a blow to the back, the right knee on the kidneys and an elbow holding the neck under the chin, which is its connection to the original words’ meaning (gallows).

morfar (from morfa or morfilar) – The original word means “eat”, and still does so in Lunfardo, although it has expanded to include “to rape”, “to suffer” and “to kill”.

parlar (from parlare) – Unlike standard Spanish, where this word means “to chatter”, parlar retains the original Italian meaning of simply “to talk”.

posta (from Latin appositus to Italian posta) – The original Latin meant “appointed” or “assigned”, which gave rise to the Italian posta (“a place to stay”, “the place for a horse in a stable” and, finally, “set of horses for mail and transport service”). This was adopted into Spanish with the meaning “a soldier standing guard”, which generalized into “to be somewhere on purpose”, which led to the form “aposta”, meaning “on purpose”. It is unknown whether the Lunfardo word derives from the Italian or the Spanish, but it originally meant “comprehensive” or “precise”, from which its current meanings of “good”, “excellent” or “beautiful” arose.

We’ll continue with more Italianisms in Lunfardo next week!

Which language is most “important”?

To determine which language is the most “important” globally, we first must define the term “important”. Does it mean the language spoken by the most people, or the language spoken in the most countries, or the language of the most economically-developed nation, or…?

Global Language Network. Credit: S. Ronen et al., PNAS 2014. Interactive version: http://language.media.mit.edu/visualizations/books.

Global Language Network. Credit: S. Ronen et al., PNAS 2014. Interactive version.

MIT Assistant Professor César Hidalgo and his team have come up with a way to answer this question in today’s globalized context: it’s the language that connects the most people. And, not surprisingly, they’ve discovered that “being born into a highly connected language is a better predictor of whether that person is going to be important or not, than being born into a language that is very populous, or that is spoken by people who are very wealthy.”

So, how did they determine which language is “most-connected”? The team used the Web and various repositories of data that enabled them to connect information and map languages spoken with others. They used Twitter, books (over 2.2 million volumes representing over 1,000 languages) and Wikipedia, connecting books translated from one language into another, articles on Wikipedia edited by humans (not bots) to see if editors were writing in multiple languages, and over a billion tweets sent by 17 million users in 73 languages, noting a connection each time a tweet was sent in more than one language.

Being able to communicate with a wider number of people gives one a certain amount of power because of the greater number of people who can be influenced. The team discovered that, after controlling for the income and population of language speakers, “[t]he centrality of a language in the global language network is a significantly strong predictor of whether that language produces a large number of successful people,” says Hidalgo.

So, which language was found to be the most highly connected? No surprises here: English, with over 50% of all Internet communication. Other language hubs (though to a far lesser extent) include Russian, German and Spanish.

Bad translations are not always a laughing matter

A professional translator is far more than someone who speaks a couple of languages; a professional translator not only has native-level skills in both languages; he or she will consider both the terminology and register of the message to be interpreted (the text), and also the target audience to which it is directed.

Errors in register, terminology and culture can result not only in a garbled or inaccurate message, but can cause PR and legal nightmares as well. A poorly translated contract or tender may lead to faulty business decisions with enormous financial and PR fallout. Cross-cultural translation blunders can confuse or even offend target audiences, especially in new markets, resulting in negative financial consequences and damage to a company’s reputation. And while some of the translation mistakes you see below are funny, it should not be forgotten that inaccurate translations of medical prescriptions and medical information have actually resulted in the injury and death of patients.

Bad Marketing Translations

 Translation errorsSource: Rudy.Keysteuber @ Flickr.

 

Bad TranslationSource: Heima001

 

Bad Restaurant TranslationSource: raquelseco

Funny translationSource: Acula 

Bad TranslationsSource: Quinn.anya @ Flickr

Taking a holiday from translating

Freelancing Vacations

Working as a freelance translator can mean long workdays and workweeks when business is good, and it’s often hard to turn down job offers in what can be a feast-or-famine business.

But – perhaps precisely because of the intense workload and its mental and physical toll – translators must take care to ensure they get the rest they deserve and which is so essential to maintaining the high-quality work that brings in new clients and keeps old ones satisfied.

While month-long holidays may not be realistic for most freelance translators, there are ways that they can get that well-deserved mental and physical break while keeping their clients happy.

Below are some things to keep in mind when planning your get-away.

Finances

The rates you charge for your work should take into account all the things that a salaried employee’s wages would ordinarily cover: living expenses, health care, retirement, time off work for illness and holidays, etc. By setting aside the amount allocated to vacation time every month, you won’t find yourself having to take on extra work before and/or after your holiday.

So, now that you can afford to take a few days off work, the next step is:

Communication

Most clients understand that translators are human beings who need a break now and then, so let them know well in advance (a couple of weeks, or even more if you’re working on a long-term project). This gives you time to work on two solutions to keeping your clients’ translation needs met: getting ahead on long-term projects, or finding someone you can either refer your client to as a temporary substitute or to whom you can send work that you will ultimately forward to your client. If you think the latter may be a good option, be sure to check with your client and get their approval for outsourcing. If the former option is feasible and you choose to do it, you’ll have to increase your production before your holiday, but you will have the satisfaction of keeping your client happy while bringing in some money ahead of time.

Accessibility

Even when you’ve made arrangements with your clients for getting translations while you’re on holiday, you’ll still probably want to check your email once or twice a day, just to keep an eye on things and make sure that any unexpected matters can be attended to before they become emergencies. Luckily, with Internet connections being practically ubiquitous, connecting with a smart phone or tablet and handling any issues takes just a moment, and can be done from nearly anywhere.

Enjoy

If you’ve made all the right arrangements, you should have no worries about taking full advantage of your hard-earned and well-deserved rest. Remember that a mental and physical break will recharge your energy and creativity, making you more productive than ever when you sit down and switch the computer back on.

Translation events – January 2015

january2015

8-11

Modern Language Association, 130th MLA Annual Convention, Vancouver, Canada.

9

Legal translation symposium. University of Roehampton, London, UK.

14

Advanced Internet Search Techniques for Medical Translators, webinar, Proz.

15

Agility and Scalability in Localization, The International Multilingual User Group (IMUG), San Jose, California, USA.

Tips For Training Your Post-editors, Globalization and Localization Association, webinar.

16

How to Become a Successful Financial Translator?, webinar, Proz.

20

The Language of Contracts: Reading and Understanding Contracts, webinar, Proz.

22

Starting to work as a translator, gaining experience, improving services provided, spreading the word, webinar, Proz.

23

Terminologia de petróleo e gás: noções básicas, webinar, Proz.

24

TC Camp Unconference, Single-Sourcing Solutions, Inc., Leximation, Santa Clara, California, USA.

29-30

Translation in Transition, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germersheim, Germany.

29-31

7th International Conference of AIETI, Iberian Association of Translation and Interpreting Studies, Malaga, Spain.

New dictionary words for 2014

New words are born and become part of the English language all the time. Sometimes these words are entirely new, though it is more common for already-existing words to morph into new ones, often by adding a new definition, or through processes such as clipping (the shortening of a longer word), blending (the combination of elements from two words to create a new one) and reducing phrases to acronyms, which is particularly common on the internet. As might be expected, many new words have their roots in activities associated with today’s technology-driven society.

vape

Vape: word of the year chosen by Oxford Dictionaries.

 

Below, in no particular order, are some of the newest words to be officially recognized by the Oxford and Merriam-Webster dictionaries and their meanings.

catfish (noun): A person who sets up a false social networking profile for deceptive purposes

Deep Web (noun): The part of the World Wide Web that is not discoverable by means of standard search engines

listicle (noun): An internet article presented as a numbered or bullet-pointed list

dox (verb): To search for and publish private or sensitive information on the internet about an individual, usually with malicious intent

binge-watch (verb): To watch multiple episodes of a TV program in rapid succession, usually via DVDs or internet streaming

hate-watch (verb): To watch a TV program for the sake of the enjoyment derived from mocking or criticizing it

humblebrag (verb): An ostensibly modest or self-deprecating statement whose actual purpose is to draw attention to something of which one is proud

neckbeard (noun): A growth of hair on a man’s neck, especially when regarded as indicative of poor grooming

bro hug (noun): A friendly embrace between two men

steampunk (noun): Science fiction dealing with 19th-century societies dominated by historical or imagined steam-powered technology

turducken (noun): A boneless chicken stuffed into a boneless duck stuffed into a boneless turkey

tweep (noun): A person who uses the Twitter online message service to send and receive tweets

vape (verb): To inhale and exhale the vapor produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device

cray (adjective): Crazy

amazeballs (adjective): Very impressive, enjoyable or attractive

adorbs (adjective): Cute or adorable

SMH: Shaking my head (to express disapproval, frustration, etc.)

WDYT: What do you think

YOLO: You only live once

ICYMI: In case you missed it

A guide to understanding translation costs

In today’s globalized world, accessing translation services can be as easy as googling “translations” and taking your pick from the myriad of options appearing on your screen. You’ll find translation agencies and freelance translators all ready to undertake your translation project…for a price.

Some lower-end agencies charge a flat-rate per-word fee for a particular language. In some cases, you can even go to a website, enter the source and target languages and the number of words to be translated and be given an automatic quote. No consideration is given to the many underlying factors that determine whether a translation project is done to a professional standard or not…for these service providers, translating your document is simply a matter of languages and number of words. These agencies usually have lists of translators and mass-mail project offers to them, with no consideration given to expertise or experience. Quality is secondary to their goal of getting the job done as quickly as possible at the lowest price, period.

But in the business world, your website or printed documentation may be all that you have to give that great “first impression” that will grow your business. In the business world, a professional appearance and top-quality products can make or break a company. The best translation agencies understand that, and are ready to partner with you to show your clients – current or potential – how great your company is.

And it all starts with your words…translated into the language of your current and potential clients.

 

Translation fees

 

But just how are translation costs determined?

There are a number of factors that top-quality translation agencies (and translators) take into account when offering a quote for a translation project. The most important include:

Language pair. Logically, translations between common languages (such as English and Spanish, for example) cost less than translations between less-common languages (e.g., Swedish, Gaelic, Croatian) or between unusual language combinations (e.g., Spanish to Finnish) simply as a result of the law of supply and demand. If the target language is a specific language variant (Chilean Spanish, for example), your translation may cost more than if you request a general language variant (e.g., Latin American Spanish).

Agency or freelancer? A translation from a top-quality agency will generally cost more than a freelancer’s translation due to issues like business overhead, etc. However, choosing to go with an agency may be the right option for you if you need your text translated into a number of languages (for example, in the case of on-line businesses with a global target audience), as freelancers generally offer services in one or two languages only. Also, translation agencies have quality control processes that usually include at least one proofreading by another translator or a professional editor.

Subject matter and level of complexity. Here the rule is quite simple: the more difficult the subject matter is, the higher the translation rate. Top-quality translation agencies have a roster of translators who are highly experienced in specific fields; they may have received training in the topic in question, worked professionally in the field or have translated a large number of similar texts in the past. Rates for texts that are complex, highly specialized, technical or otherwise demanding are higher in order to compensate the increased level of expertise of the translator carrying out the project.

Turnaround times. Perhaps you’re in a rush and need your translation “yesterday”…or maybe you’re not and you’re happy with having it ready for you next week. Deadlines are another determining factor in translation pricing. Top-quality translation agencies have quality control processes that usually include at least one proofreading by another translator or a professional editor and – like anything else that is done well – this takes time. If you have a highly technical document, if the language combination is unusual, if your text requires DTP services, getting your document through the entire translation/quality control process becomes more complex, as does assembling the team that is going to carry out the project. Longer deadlines give agencies and translators more leeway in finding the most competent, yet cost-effective, providers of the services you need, and that means a lower cost for you.

Volume. The economy of scale does apply to translations. Handling one large translation project consumes less time and fewer resources than the same number of words spread among several projects. This means that the costs in human and material resources are lower for the agency or translator, and should mean a savings for you, too. This is also true for regular clients; once the agency or translator gets to know your particular needs (style, terminology, etc.), you may be able to negotiate a lower rate.

Document format. Simple formats (MSWord or plain text) take less preparation and handling than complex formats (documents converted from .pdf files, or documents with DTP characteristics such as brochures) as the latter cost more because it takes more time to process them.

Extra services. In today’s fast-paced world, it often makes sense to turn an entire project over to one service provider, and translating your document or website is no different. Top-quality agencies often offer one-stop shop complementary services so that you don’t have to seek out a DTP specialist or web page designer to get your project up and running. Of course, these services entail extra charges, but the savings in time, effort and stress may more than compensate the cost. When the team working on your project speaks the languages involved, you can rest assured that your web page or document will contain no language-based errors.

When you consider entrusting the translation of your document to a translation agency or freelance translator, remember that the text to be translated will be part of your company’s image and that it is far easier to create a good brand image than it is to fix a poor one. Put your company’s image into the hands of experienced professionals who will provide the expertise and outstanding quality you need to show your business in the very best light.

Translation events in December

2014-translation

2-3

Courses offered in December. Colegio de Traductores Públicos de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

3

Interverbum. Advanced Terminology and Knowledge Management with TermWeb. Webinar.

8

SDL Trados Studio 2014 for Project Managers – Beginners session.

8-10

Game QA & Localization 2014, IQPC, San Francisco, California, USA.

9-10

CLiC-it, Computational Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

10

3rd Lawyer Linguist virtual event. Proz. Online event.

12-13

Going East: New and Alternative Traditions in Translation, Center for Translation Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

13

Conferencia regional de ProZ.com en Barcelona, España.

15-16

On Translated Meaning, University of Geneva Faculty of Translation and Interpreting, New Zealand Centre for Literary Translation, Geneva, Switzerland.

16

Introduction to SDL Studio GroupShare 2014 (in Russian) | Обзор SDL Studio GroupShare 2014.