If your goal is to become fluent in another language, many times total immersion is the best practice. However, this is not the case for young recent immigrants in public schools because they also must become proficient in the subject matter of instruction. This is where bilingual education comes in.
Bilingual education and its alternatives have been up for political and moral debate. Its proponents posit that mastering English, literacy, and subject matter simultaneously is too overwhelming for most students and that a combination of instruction in one’s native language and in English is necessary for success. Its detractors state that bilingual education retards the mastery of English which in turn retards students’ acquisition of knowledge in all areas.
There are varying levels and approaches to bilingual education, roughly broken into the following strategies:
- Transitional: the goal is to transition English language learners into English-only classrooms as quickly as possible and provides content instruction in the student’s native language while they learn English.
- Two-Way or Dual Language: these programs are designed to teach both native English and non-native English speaking students to be bilingual and biliterate.
- Specialized Dual Language: subjects are taught in the students’ second language with bilingual teachers who can field students’ questions when they need assistance in their native language. Literacy instruction in students’ native language is also provided separately.
- Late-Exit or Developmental: Students are educated in their native language for an extended period of time, complemented by education in English.
The debate over bilingual education takes place within a larger political and social context, which may be to the detriment of students’ acquisition of knowledge of both English and material in content areas. Furthermore, while bilingual education might be effective practice in areas of the country where there are fewer native languages spoken, the system becomes unwieldy and impossible in areas where immigrants come from all over the world.
For more resources on bilingual education, both for and against, follow these links:
National Association for Bilingual Education
Twisted Tongues: The Failure of Bilingual Education
Issues in U.S. Language Policy: Bilingual Education
The Case Against Bilingual Education
California Association for Bilingual Education
The Bilingual Education Act: Twenty Years Later
Bilingual Education Research Controversy
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